After having found some resources and begun reading through them, it's time to take notes about what you've read to prepare to incorporate source material into our paper? Taking notes is the step between reading and writing. If you have taken good notes, then when it comes time to write your paper, you can quickly locate what information to use.
The video below demonstrates a strategy for annotating an article (in this case, annotating is a fancy way to say "taking notes").
Another note taking tool that can help you move from reading to writing our papers is a research reading log. Here are a couple examples.
Now that you have identified specific content in the form of language you intend to quote or ideas you would like to summarize or paraphrase from the sources that you gathered, it's time to begin incorporating your source content into your writing. When considering how to integrate source content into your writing, it's important to first consider the purpose of source material in your research project. The purpose of source material in your research typically will be to support a claim or conclusion that you have asserted. Source material provides your audience with evidence needed to believe your assertions. Without evidence from source material your research project will lack credibility.
When adding a source in our writing, we will want to address the core ideas, findings, and data of the source. Even if we are arguing against the ideas in the source, we want to accurately reflect what is written and the heart of the message.
It is also important for us to find sources that are as close as possible to the original. For example, if a newspaper article contains a few quotes from a politician's speech, that we want to quote, we will want to find a recording or full text of the speech to quote from, rather than relying only on the short selection in the newspaper. This allows us to make sure the quote is not being used out of context. On the other hand, if we are interested in discussing how the author of the newspaper article analyzes and interprets the speech, then we will use sections of what the newspaper author wrote.
Using scholarly sources may seem difficult at first because the text is dense and filled with jargon, data, figures, and graphs. To make reading easier, use the sections to guide you to the core of the paper. Scholarly papers typically report on an experiment or collection of studies to understand new ideas in the field. First make sure you have a good handle on what they studied, then skip to the conclusion or discussion section to understand what they think happened, why it's important, what more can be done in the future, and other core findings.
The things that the authors discuss in the conclusion and discussion sections are the core of the paper. These are the ideas, findings, and data that you want to use in your project.
When using newspapers and popular sources in our writing, we will mostly want to use quotes that represent the author's ideas, analysis, interpretation, and commentary. Newspapers, especially from a historical perspective, are also great at providing evidence that an event happened and what people thought of it at the time.
When popular sources are reporting on recent research, we will want to do the work of going to the original research article to make your own interpretation. Research can frequently be exaggerated or misrepresented in the popular media. For example, research articles will present very narrow, focused, limited findings within specific experimental conditions, but when popular sources report on it, they frequently make it appear as if definitive, universal truths have been found.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are three ways we include the work of other authors into our writing. The option we chose depends on what we are hoping to achieve with our paper. Below are definitions of each approach.
Example quotation: According to Roger Sipher, a solution to the perceived crisis of American education is to "[a]bolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend" (par. 3).
Example paraphrase of the essay's conclusion: Roger Sipher concludes his essay by insisting that schools have failed to fulfill their primary duty of education because they try to fill multiple social functions (par. 17).
Example summary: Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-attendance laws in primary and secondary schools with six arguments. These fall into three groups—first that education is for those who want to learn and by including those that don't want to learn, everyone suffers. Second, that grades would be reflective of effort and elementary school teachers wouldn't feel compelled to pass failing students. Third, that schools would both save money and save face with the elimination of compulsory-attendance laws.
Writing examples were taken from the OWL Purdue Writing Lab page on quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing.
